The P2X7 receptor is a type of purinergic receptor that is activated by extracellular ATP and plays a key role in mediating cellular responses to ATP signaling. This receptor is widely expressed in various cell types, including immune cells, neurons, and epithelial cells, and is involved in a range of physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, cell death, and cancer. Research on the P2X7 receptor has focused on understanding its signaling mechanisms, structure-function relationships, and potential therapeutic applications. This receptor has been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, making it a promising target for drug development. Overall, the study of the P2X7 receptor provides important insights into the regulation of cellular responses to extracellular ATP and offers potential opportunities for developing novel therapeutic interventions for a variety of diseases.